Government Control and the Green Scare Essays - Terrorism

Government Control and the Green Scare In the twenty first century, our greatest war is the War on Terror. For Americans, ever since 9/11 we fear more than ever for our security at home more than abroad. Our security is tighter than ever, sometimes to the point of being ridiculous, and we have been taught to accept government agencies stepping on our rights because it "keeps us safe." We have entered into an age of racial profiling, distrust, and fear that has allowed our government to use bills like the P.A.T.R.I.O.T Act to work around our individual rights. In times of fear, we are more pliable to the influences of those who claim they can protect us. This era of fear leads us into a big issue that is often not discussed or is hushed up: the unlawful arrest of activists in the name of homeland security. And the environmental activists have seen the worst of it. Environmental activists are an easy target for a suspicious government and a willingly submissive public. They are easy to target because they, in general, are outspoken and sometimes violent. Because they try to be so in the public eye, they become easy targets to track down unlike more allusive enemies. Michael Brady Although this violence is very rarely targeted at people, this still gives the government ammunition to detain violent and nonviolent protestors alike. And because the government and the media have become so adapt at making environmental activists look like radical terrorists, the general public lets cases like the SHAC 7 happen unjustly. Even when it is fair for activists to be brought up on charges, they are more often than not given inflated sentences, sometimes being sentenced longer than violent religious terrorists who were out to do harm (Potter). If you go to the website for Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium' or TRAC', you will find that even within organizations there is some confusion as to the threat of environmental terrorism in our country. The blurb under Environmental Terrorist Groups' reads, "Most Significant Terror Threat to the United States since 1976, environmental terrorists within the United States have carried out over one thousand criminal acts and caused over one hundred and ten million dollars worth of damage. But the image of environmental activists as dangerous, even violent criminals is still jarring to the average American. We do not tend to think of environmental activism as being in the same category as other types of "terrorists" - including militias, jihadists or nationalist activists throughout the world. However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation defines environmental terrorism (or ecoterrorism) as Michael Brady the most significant domestic terror threat facing the United States today. And this threat is seen to have increased significantly in the past twenty years in terms of the types of acts committed, their potential for deadly violence and the numbers of individuals involved in committing these acts." The most significant domestic terror threat facing the US. Yes, you read that correctly. Not white supremacy, not radical extremism, but environmental activism is our nations greatest threat. They even admit the fact that it is very hard for most Americans to image environmental activists as terrorists and yet they are. There has yet to be a single human killed in an action put forward by an environmental rights group, yet they are labeled our most dangerous threat. Here is where the issue starts. With the FBI. Before I discuss the FBI's current issues of attack, lets remind ourselves of the government's past intrusions on our civil liberties, the most famous and most recent case being the Red Scare of the Cold War. Following the end of World War II, the US and the USSR moved into a state of nonviolent war. A power play really. As the world's two great super powers, they both wanted to one up each other constantly. And they were constantly fearing that the others political theory would take over the others. Because of this, the US feel into this constant fear of the Red Scare', a fear that communism would take over. This fear gave government officials like Joseph McCarthy the right to recreate the age-old witch-hunt. For the

Yoga essays

Yoga essays Yoga is a unique ancient healing art originating from India more than six thousand years ago. This ancient art of movement is a low intensity non-competitive form of exercise that can be safely practiced by children at any level of physical fitness. Yoga is derived from Sanskrit, one of the worlds most ancient languages. In its simplest form, yoga means a bringing together of the parts in order to create a union or balance of a persons body, mind and spirit. (Dworkis, www.extensionyoga.com) It was developed by yogis who went into the jungles of India, thousands of years ago to meditate. During meditation these yogis observed animal movements. The development of some of the present day yoga postures actually come from these observations. (Holander, 97, 1) This form of fitness session is a great alternative to do with a group of primary aged students. Firstly the non-competitive and overall harmonious nature of yoga can alleviate any feelings of physical inadequacies that some students may harbour. Therefore, you are more likely to see greater motivation and participation towards the activities as the students who may not be as physically fit or coordinated as other classmates will have the opportunity to try out a new exercise without ridicule or defeat. Secondly this form of fitness session is a fantastic one to do with students who are within their peak height velocity or students experiencing the effects of puberty. This scientific system of exercises or poses are designed to strengthen bones, stretch muscles, massage internal organs, increase blood flow and increase flexibility of the tendons, joints and ligaments. (Holander, 97, 1) This is particularly important when concerning primary aged students around or during their pubert al growth spurt. Considering girls peak height velocity is around 10-12 and 12-14 in boys. Physical activity that does not contain the same characteristics as yoga can aid the cau...

Speech using the Rogerian style of argumentation Essay

Speech using the Rogerian style of argumentation - Essay Example Several instances have been reported concerning the increased aggression among the victims. Others also report increased criminal or violent behavior among the victims. In other situations, corporal punishment in schools can lead to escalated antisocial behavior and moral internalization among the learners. My position differs from those who argue that corporal punishment should not be banned in schools or other learning institutions. My position is that corporal punishment in schools and other learning institutions should be banned. This does not include normal discipline mechanisms that parent use at home. It also does not include the nonviolent punitive methods employed by teachers to enhance discipline among learners. Corporal punishment in public and private schools and other learning institutions should be banned because it poses devastating effects on the learners. These include loss of good family relationship and damage to education. It leads to all forms of violation of the fundamental rights of children such as the right to education and good

Is There Such a Thing as International Law in the World Today Term Paper

Is There Such a Thing as International Law in the World Today - Term Paper Example Additionally, treaties like the Geneva Conventions may at times require the conformity of national law (De Boer 2001). The implication of this is that there is a world order that all countries abide to but with no clearly drafted international laws that ought to be followed by all nation states. Additionally, certain issues like homosexuality, differences in political ideologies and gender discrimination prevent international laws from achieving legitimacy. International law therefore is a set of laws formed by international treaties, customs, and other organizations that govern the relations between or among different sovereign nations. Here, the international customs refer to the customs that have evolved over centuries. Treaties and international agreements on the other hand are agreements among different nation states. The international organizations and conferences are mainly composed of different sovereign nation states and are normally bound by a treaty, for instance the 1980 Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). The Nature of International Law International law is very different from the other areas of law because it does not have a defined governing body or area but instead refers to different set of rules, laws and customs that impact, govern and deal with the legal interactions between different nation states, governments, organizations and businesses. It comprehensively deals with the rights and responsibilities of the involved parties clearly defining and elucidating the procedures to be followed in case of any misunderstandings. International law cuts across many countries and regions which makes it agreeable to all the member states. For this to be possible, it borrows charters (i.e. the United Nations Charter), agreements, accords, and treaties, legal precedents of the International Court of Justice (The World Court), memorandums and tribunals. What makes international law a voluntary endeavor is that it does not h ave a unique enforcing entity and governing body. This means that for any enforcement to exist, all the signatory parties have to consent and adhere to that specific decision and assist the court in the implementation process. A good example of this is the East African Community where the member states have laws that govern them as a unit. The laws that address matters of international concern include both the statutes created by governing bodies (civil law) and the common law (case law) because of the diverse nature of the different legal systems and historical backgrounds of the different countries involved. Under the international law, all the facets of national law are covered and go on to include aspects like substantive law, remedies and procedure. In order to make the laws operable in the signatory countries, there are certain principles or guidelines that are normally followed when it comes to their formulation and implementation (Alam 399). However it should be noted that t hey only work on the basis that there is courtesy and respect between the member states. The principles of International Law The Principle of Comity The principle of comity provides a code of decorum that governs court interactions among the different localities, foreign countries and member states. Under this

Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy - Assignment Example 2) According to Wal-Mart, it needs substantial brands to form associations with it in order to attract affluent customers and also have a tendency of increasing peripheral business by selling other commodities. Therefore, forming associations with Levis’ allows it to attach a designer brand name with it that is accepted and received well in affluent customer’s segment. 3) Considering this case study, Wal-Mart has an edge over Levis’ in this corporate strategic alliance. This is so because Levis’ needs Wal-Mart for its business expansion as its own showrooms and other smaller retail networks have been proven incapable of attracting major customer base. Secondly, Levis’ has made considerable capital investment along with extensive business restructuring to suit Wal-Mart’s model. Therefore, Levis’ is dependent on Wal-Mart for cost-recovery and further business revival. Whereas Wal-Mart has a tendency of switching to other suppliers who wi ll offer better profit margins without incurring much liability. Therefore, Wal-Mart has a greater bargaining power as compared to Levis’. 4) Wal-Mart follows a broad target/ cost leadership generic strategy (Porter, 1980). It has multiple product lines that cater to every demographic segment. Furthermore, it has an extensive retail model with around 9000 stores worldwide. Such extensive network makes it a premium choice of suppliers due to which it has a greater bargaining power to persuade suppliers for providing their products at considerably low prices, as compared to other retail stores. 5) ‘Barriers to entry’ is an edge used by various leading market players to create obstacles for preventing new competitors from easily entering into market, industry or particular area (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). Wal-Mart has developed a state of art automated system that is synched with its suppliers through point-of –sale mechanism. Therefore, the moment a product is bought, a supplier is notified which results into timely product delivery. As a result, customers prefer to stay with Wal-Mart since they know that their desired product will be available readily. This strong link with suppliers requires higher switching cost which is difficult to incur for its competition. As a result, their customers would also prefer Wal-Mart over them (Competing with information technology, n.d). 6) Value chain constitutes of following activities along with examples from Wal-Mart’s case study: Production- No self-production, acting as a retailer Production Management- Inventory management Quality Management- Extensive IT network and huge workforce Marketing & Sales- Sales teams dealing with suppliers General management- store management, venue management Marketing and sales management- Sales team heads dealing with suppliers in a particular industry Accounting and Finance- In-house finance department performing general accounting, forecasting etc. Res earch and development- Constant acquisition of market intelligence and tools to make IT its niche. Human Resource Management- Extensive handling of employees’ daily attendance, payroll, deployment etc (IMA, 1996). 7) Out of all the above mentioned activities, production management is the most important activity. Although Wal-Mart is a

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing A REVIEW PAPER ON FAULT TOLERANCE IN CLOUD COMPUTING Deepali Mittal Ms. Neha Agarwal Abstract— Cloud computing demand is increasing due to which it is important to provide correct services in the presence of faults also. The Resources in cloud computing can be dynamically scaled that too in a cost effective manner. Fault Tolerance is the process of finding faults and failures in a system. If a fault occurs or there is a hardware failure or software failure then also the system should work properly. Failures should be managed in a effective way for reliable Cloud Computing. It will also ensure availaibility and robustness .This paper aims to provide a better understanding of fault tolerance techniques which are used for managing faults in cloud. It also deals with some existing Fault tolerance model. Index Terms— Cloud Computing, Fault Tolerance, Dependability. I. Introduction Cloud computing is new method which can be used for representing computing model where IT services are delivered via internet technologies . These have attracted millions of users. Cloud storage not only provide us the massive computing infrastructure but also the economics of scale. Such a trend, requires assurance of the quality of data storage services which involves two concerns from both cloud users and cloud service providers: data integrity and storage efficiency. It is much more simple than internet. It is a service that allows user to access applications that actually exist at location other than user’s own computer or other devices on network. There are many benefits of this technology. For example any other company hosts user application. Cloud computing is nothing new as it uses approaches, concepts, and techniques that have already been developed. But on the other side everything is new as cloud computing changes how we invent, develop, deploy, scale, update, maintain, and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which they run. Cloud Computing is an efficient way of computing as it centralizes the storage, memory and processing. Fault tolerance has the property to assess the capability of the system to react graceciouslly to a hardware and software failure which is not expected. In assortment to attain robustness or raptness in cloud computing, failure should be determined and handled carefully.This paper will give basic knowledge about Fault tolerance Approaches.The Methods used for fault management in cloud We also study some existing fault management models which tolerates fault in cloud environment. Then figure out the best model of fault tolerance. Fault tolerance deals with all different approaches that provides robustness ,availaibility and dependability .The major use of enforcing fault tolerance in cloud computing include recovery from different hardware and software failures, reduced cost and also improves performance . Robustness is the property of providing of with an accurate service in an unwanted situation that can arise because of an unexpected system state. Dependability is something that need to be achieved.It is one of the very important aspects for cloud provider.It includes dependability as well as availability.It is related to some of the Quality of service issues delivered by the system. Fault tolerance intent to accomplish robustness and dependability in the cloud environment.Fault tolerance techniques can be classified into types depending on the policies of fault tolerance viz, Proactive Fault Tolerance : Proactive fault tolerance simple means early prediction of the problem before it actually arises. Reactive fault tolerance: This policy handles the failure. The effect of failure is reduced when the failure actually occurs. This could be further divided into two sub-procedures : 1. Error Processing 2. Flaw Treatment The first process eliminates error from the system. Fault treatment tries to prevent faults from getting reactivated . Fault tolerance is accomplished by error processing. Error Processing has two main phases. The first phase is â€Å"effective error processing† which means bringing the effective error back to a latent state and if possible it is done before occurrence of a failure.The Second Phase is â€Å"latent error processing† which aims to ensure that the error is not reactivated. II. Existing Fault Tolerance Approaches In Cloud The different techniques used for fault tolerance in cloud are : Check pointing: It is a good fault tolerance approach .It is used for applications which have a long running time. In check pointing technique , check pointing is done after each change in system state. It is useful when a task is not able to complete. It fails in the middle due to some error. Then that task is made to begin from the most recent check pointed state instead of restarting it from the beginning. Task Migration : There may be a case when a task in not able to complete on the assigned specific virtual machine . When this type of task failure occurs then that task could be moved other machine. This can be performed by using HA-Proxy. Replication: Replication simply means copying. The replica of tasks is executed on distinct resources if the original instance af task fails.It is done to get the actual required result. Replication can be implemented by using various tools. Some of the tools are Hadoop , HA Proxy or Amazon EC2. Self- Healing : A big task can divided into parts .This division is done for better performance. It results in creation of variant application instance.The instances run on distinct virtual machines.In this way automated failure management is done for instances. Safety bag checks: This strategy is quite simple. It blocks the command which does not met the requirements for safe execution or proper working of machine. S-Guard : It is a stream Processing techniques.It makes available more resources. It use the mechanism of Rollback recovery. Check Pointing is done Asynchronously. It is used for distributed environment. S-Guard is performed using Hadoop or Amazon EC2. Retry : A task is made to execute repeatedly .This approach try to re execute the failed job on same machine . Task Resubmission : A task failure can make the complete job also fail. So when a failed task is identified ,it should be submitted to same or either distinct resource for reexecution. Time checker : Time checker is a supervised technique. A watch dog is used. It consider Critical time function. Rescue workflow : This strategy is used for Fault tolerance in workflow execution. Reconfiguration: The configuration of the system is changed in this technique.The faulty component is removed. Resource Co-allocation: It increases the availability of resources. It takes care of multiple resources. Resource allocation is done to complete the execution of task. III. Fault Tolerance Models Various Fault Tolerance Models are designed using these techniques. These techniques are combined with one another and then applied or simply used individually. Some of Existent fault tolerance models are : â€Å"AFTRC A Fault Tolerance Model for Real Time Cloud Computing† is designed by keeping the fact in mind that real time systems have good computation. These systems are also scalable and make use of virtualization techniques which helps in excuting real time applications more effectively.This model is designed by considering the dependability issue. The model make use of proactive fault strategy and predicts the faulty nodes. â€Å"LLFT Low Latency Fault Tolerance † act as a middleware for tolerating faults. It is useful for distributed application which are running in cloud. In this model fault tolerance is provided like a service by cloud providers. Applications are replicated by middleware. In this way replication helps in handling of faults for different applications. â€Å"FTWS Fault Tolerant WorkFlow Scheduling† is a model based on replication approach. It also makes use of resubmission technique. A metric is maintained for checking the priority of tasks and they are submitted accordingly. The principle of workflow is used in this model. Workflow means a series of task executed orderly. Data dependency decides the order. Fault management is done while the workflow is scheduled. â€Å"FTM† is one of the most flexible model. It delivers fault tolerance as on demand service. The user has a advantage that without having known the working of model ,they can specify the required fault tolerance. It is mainly designed for dependability issues. It consists of various components. Each component has its own functionality. †Candy† is component base availability modeling frame work. It is mainly designed for availaibility issues. System modelling language is used to construct a model from specifications. This is done semi automatically. â€Å"Vega-warden† is a uniform user management system. It creates global work space for variant applications and distinct infrastructure.This model is constructed for virtual cluster base cloud computing environment to overcome the 2 problems: usability and security which arise from sharing of infrastructure. â€Å"FT-Cloud† has a mechanism of automatic detection of faults.It makes use of frequency for finding out the component. â€Å"Magi-Cube† is a kind of architecture for computing in cloud environment.It is designed for dependability,expenditure and performance issues.All three issues are related to storage.This architecture provides highly reliable and less redundant storage. This storage system is done for metadata handling.It also handles file read and write. IV. Fault Tolerant Model for Dependable Cloud Computing Fault Tolerant Model for dependable cloud computing is a model designed for dealing with failures in cloud . As we all know Cloud Computing Environment is made up of virtual machines or you can say nodes. The applications run on these nodes. Using this model faulty nodes are detected and replaced by correctly performing nodes. This is done for real applications. Now on what criteria the model can decide a node to be faulty ? There can be various parameters for detecting faulty node but this model makes use of dependability or dependability measurement. The criteria could be changed according to user’s requirement. A. Working of Model The model is designed for X virtual machines. X distinct algorithms run on the X nodes. Input buffer feeds the data to nodes. The input data is then moved onwards to all the nodes simultaneously. When the node gets the input it starts its operation. It performs some functions as designed or stated by the algorithm . In other words , the algorithm runs on nodes and gives a result .The Funtioning of every module is different. Accepter Module This module tests the nodes for correct result. It verifies the result of algorithms. If the result is faultless or as required then the result is forwarded further for evaluation of dependability.The appropriate result is sent to timer module. The inappropriate result is not forwarded instead signal is sent. Timer Module This module has a timer set for every node .It checks the time of result.If the result is generated before the time set or within that assigned time the only it forwards the result. Dependability Assessor This module is responsible for checking of dependability of nodes. At the starting of system the dependability for each node is set to it maximum that is cent percent. When computations are performed the dependability of nodes dynamically changes.The dependability is decided on the basis of time and correctness of result. Dependability increases if the result is accurate and on time. The highest and lowest limit of dependability is set in the beginning. The node with dependability value less than the lowest dependability is replaced. It also sends a message to resource manager. The result of dependability assesers forwards the results to descision maker module. Decision Maker It gets the result from dependability assessors. A selection of node is done from all perfect nodes. The node which has the maximum dependability is selected. It makes the comparison between the dependability level of nodes and system dependability. System dependability is important to be attained by a node. In case all the node fails to achieve the system dependability then a failure notification is issued. A failure notification means that all the nodes have failed for this computation cycle. Now backward recovery is done using check points .Decision maker also asks the resource manager to replace the node with lowest dependability with the new one. Check Pointing Check Pointing saves the state of system. It is done at regular small intervals. It is helpful in a scenario when a system fails completely. The strategy helps in automatic recovery form the check pointer state. This automatic recovery is done only when all the nodes fails. The system continues to work properly with rest of the nodes. Fig .1.Fault Tolerant Model For Dependable Cloud Computing B. Mechanism Of the Model Dependability Assessment Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from configuration RF, maxDependability, minDependability Input nodestatus if nodeStatus =Pass then dependability := dependability + (dependability * RF) if n > 1 then := n-1; else if processing node Status = Fail then dependability: = dependability – (dependability * RF * n) n: = n+1; if dependability >= max Dependability then Dependability: = max Dependability if dependability Call Add new node ( ); End Decision Mechanism Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from RA nodeDependability, numCandNodes Input from configuration SRL bestDependability := find_dependability of node with highest dependability if bestDependability >= SRL status := success else perform_backward_recovery call_proc: remove_node_minDependability call_proc: add_new_node End C. Result In the first cycle, both VirtualMacine-1 and VirtualMachine-3 have the same dependability, but the result of VM-1 has been selected as it has a lower IP address. VM-3 output was selected by DM from cycle 2 to 4, as it has the highest dependability among competing virtual machines. In cycle 5 VirtualMachine-3 still has the highest dependability, but it is not selected. Because its result was not passed by AT and TC, so consequently, it was not among competing virtual machines. TABLE I : Result v. Conclusion and future work Tolerance of faults makes an important problem in the scope of environments of cloud computing. Fault tolerance method activates when a fault enters the boundaries i.e theoretically these strategies are implemented for detecting the failures and make an appropriate action before failures are about to occur. I have looked after the need of fault tolerance with its various methods for implementing fault tolerance. Various called models for fault tolerance are discussed .In the present scene, there are number of models which provide different mechanisms to improve the system. But still there are number of problems which requires some concern for every frame work. There are some drawbacks non of them can full fill the all expected aspects of faults. So might be there is a possibility to carried over the drawbacks of all previous models and try to make a appropriate model which can cover maximum fault tolerance aspect. References AnjuBala, InderveerChana,† Fault Tolerance- Challenges, Techniques and Implementation in Cloud Computing† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No 1, January 2012 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Sheheryar MalikandFabriceHuet â€Å"Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing† 2011 IEEE World Congress on Service Ravi Jhawar, Vincenzo Piuri, Marco Santambrogio,† A Comprehensive Conceptual System-Level Approach to Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing†, 2012 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/SysCon.2012.6189503 P. Mell, T. Grance. The NISTdefinition of cloud computing. Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. Wenbing Zhao, Melliar-Smith, and P. M. Moser, â€Å"Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing,† in 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2010). Miami, FL, USA, 2010. R. Jhawar, V. Piuri, and M. D. Santambrogio, â€Å"A comprehensive conceptual system level approach to fault tolerance in cloud computing,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Syst. Conf., Mar. 2012, pp. 1–5. M. Castro and B. Liskov, â€Å"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,† in Proc.3rd Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implementation, 1999, pp. 173–186.

Aphasia: A Language Disorder :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Aphasia: A Language Disorder "My most valuable tool is words, the words I can now use only with difficulty. My voice is debilitated - mute, a prisoner of a communication system damaged by a stroke that has robbed me of language," stated A. H. Raskins, one of approximately one million people in the United States who suffer from aphasia (1), a disorder which limits the comprehension and expression of language. It is an acquired impairment due to brain injury in the left cerebral hemisphere. The most common cause of aphasia is a stroke, but other causes are brain tumors, head injury, or other neuralgic illnesses. Of the estimated 400,000 strokes which occur a year, approximately 80,000 of those patients develop some form of aphasia (2). Another important observation is that within the United States, there are twice as many people with aphasia as there are individuals with Parkinson's disease (2). Yet, what is so astounding is the lack of public awareness about aphasia. Aphasia attacks an intricate part of a person' s daily life - the simple act of communication and sharing. The disbursement of such a tool deprives an individual of education learned through their life, often leaving the ill fated feeling hopeless and alone. In considering the effects of aphasia, a deeper analysis of the two most common forms of aphasia will be examined: Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. While both forms occur usually as a result of a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain, their particular site of impairment produces different side effects in an individual's comprehension and speech. These regions have been further studied through experimental researches such as positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, although there is currently no cure for the disorder, there are treatments and certain guidelines to follow when encountering an aphasic. In physiological terms, Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia occur in the left hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for controlling the right side of the body along with speech and language abilities. Broca's aphasia affects the frontal lobe adjacent to the primary motor cortex, and Wernicke's aphasia affects the posterior portion of the first frontal lobe (3). A general distinction made between the two disorders are that Broca's aphasia limits speech, while Wernicke's aphasia limits comprehension. Broca's aphasia characterizes patients as people who has loss the production of complete sentence structures in speech and writing. Although the individual may retain the usage of nouns and verbs, the aphasic may have lost all forms of pronouns, articles, and conjunctions (3).

Case against the Death Penalty

When the then United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan was presented with a petition containing 3. 2 million signatures from 146 countries for a worldwide moratorium on the death sentence, he had commented: â€Å"The forfeiture of life is too absolute, too irreversible, for one human being to inflict it on another, even when backed by legal process. And I believe that future generations, throughout the world, will come to agree. † (Gettings) The words of the former UN Secretary General were in fact an echo of the sentiments of the millions of signatories to the petition that was presented to him.The death sentence strikes at the core of human sensitivity and sensibility. The world is divided into almost two equal camps – one passionately in support and the other equally passionately against this extreme measure of censure in human history. Forty-seven percent Americans support the death penalty, while 48% would rather prefer life without payrole (Death Penalty Inform ation Centre). Both the camps present practical, logical and convincing arguments favoring their stand. Those who are against the death penalty believe that this extreme measure has minimum deterrent effect, violates the most fundamental of human rights, i.e. the right to life, is completely out of sync with civilized society and should be abolished outright and forthwith. Those who support the death penalty, on the other hand, do so because they hold that it acts as a major deterrent to heinous crimes, crimes committed by criminals who, according to them, not only do not deserve a place in society, but also lose the right to life. They have to die so that any chance of them repeating their crime and adding others to their list of victims is eliminated forever. The state, it is reasoned, takes the life to accord protection to future victims of the convicted.An objective analysis of the arguments for and against the death penalty however can only lead to the inevitable conclusion tha t the death penalty has no place in civilized society. Two very undeniable and universal facts override all arguments in support of the death penalty: the fundamental human right to life along with all its critical implications to the individual and to society, and the irrevocability and finality of the death sentence that takes away all probability of redemption or reconsideration at the face of the human nature to err.The Deterrent Factor Those who support the death penalty do so on the basis of the belief that it acts as a strong deterrent to crimes similar to those committed by the condemned. The facts and figures, however, tell a different story. In the United States, the south accounts for 80% of the total executions, yet it has the highest murder rate. However, the northeast, which has less than 1% of all executions, also has the lowest murder rate (Death Penalty Information Centre).The figures lend themselves to very straight forward interpretations: either the death penalty is failing miserably to act as a deterrent in the south or it has to be accepted that the citizenry of the south is inherently more murderous in nature or is simply more susceptible to murder. There are other figures that corroborate the fact that the death penalty does not actually result in a decrease in murder rates. In Canada, the death penalty was abolished in 1976. The homicide rate in the country started declining since 1975, and in 1999 the homicide rate was the lowest since 1967.An analysis by the New York Times in 2000 found that the homicide rates in the US states with the death penalty have been 48% to 101% higher than in states without the death penalty (John Howard Society of Ontario). An overwhelming 84% of the top criminologists of the United States have rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder (Radelet & Akers). The Amnesty International has also failed to find conclusive evidence that the death penalty has any unique capacity to det er others from committing similar crimes.In its survey of research findings on the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates conducted in 1998 and updated in 2002, it concluded that it was â€Å"not prudent to accept the hypothesis that capital punishment deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and application of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment. † (Hood 230) If deterrence implies that the condemned is rendered unable to repeat the crime and claim more victim, then it will also have to imply that the condemned would have repeated the crime if allowed to escape the death penalty.That can however be an assumption and an assumption only. And even if we assume that the condemned person would have indeed tried to repeat the crime, it would be possible only if the person is allowed the liberty and the opportunity to do so. Life imprisonment without parole would be a preferred alternative to the death penalty in such a case. Critics would however be quick to point out the financial implications of life imprisonment. Alternative means to incapacitate In practice, however, numerous studies have found that the cost of implementing a death penalty is much higher than the cost of maintaining a prisoner for life.There are many reasons why the death penalty is more expensive than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (Capital Punishment Project): i. A much higher percentage of cases go to trial in case of death penalties. ii. Murder trials generally take longer when the death penalty is at issue. A capital murder trial lasts over 3. 5 time longer than non-capital murder trials (Cook & Slawson). Certain constitutional safeguards have to be taken in the case of death penalty trials leading to greater time requirement. The Jury selection procedure is also more complex and tedious and takes more time.iii. Death penalty trials require more intense pretrial preparations and more elaborate proceedings. The sentencing phase almost amounts to a second trial. All litigation costs, more often than not, have to be borne by the tax payer. The Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature has concluded that â€Å"elimination of the death penalty would result in a net savings to the state of at least several tens of millions of dollars annually, and a net savings to local governments in the millions to tens of millions of dollars on a statewide basis. † (Budget Committee)It is therefore amply clear the life imprisonment without parole is a comparatively cheaper and equally effective alternative to the death penalty, but imposed the same degree of incapacitation on the condemned on the individual level. The May 2006 Gallup Poll (in the United States) found that overall support for the death penalty was 65% (down from 80% in 1994). The same poll revealed that when respondents are given the choice of life without parole as an alternate sentencing option, more choos e life without parole (48%) than the death penalty (47%). (John Howard Society of Ontario)Irreversibility of the Death Penalty The intrinsic weakness of the death penalty as a justifiable measure lies in the fact that it is irreversible and irrevocable. Numerous examples bear testimony to the fact that even the highest judicial system of any country can make mistakes, that innocent persons have been dealt the death penalty time and again, that persons on the death row had been granted last minute reprieve when their innocence had been proved. Studies reveal that more than 200 people have been wrongfully convicted of serious crimes such as murder and rape in California alone since 1989 (Martin).In the United States, 123 persons have been exonerated and released from death row since 1973 (Death Penalty Information Center). A 1980s study in the United States identified 353 cases since the turn of the century of wrongful convictions for offences punishable by death and 25 innocent perso ns were actually executed (John Howard Society of Ontario). The death penalty leaves no scope for errors in judgment. If a person is found to be innocent after the sentence has been carried out, there is no way in which the wrong can be undone.Unlike in other cases, the option for compensation for a wrong done is also completely ruled out in the case of the death penalty. It is therefore assumed that the state and the judicial mechanism are infallible, that there can be no mistakes. The facts have proved this assumption wrong. The core issue of human rights The most damning case against the death penalty is that it is an infringement on the most fundamental of all human rights – the right to life. A death penalty is imposed in the name of the state. But does the state actually have the right to deprive a person of his or her life?It could be a dangerous proposition even to believe so. Hitler’s Germany believed in the absolute right of the state. The consequences mark a very dark period in the history of humankind. Are we tempting fate again by according the state the right to impose and execute the death penalty? In the December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, nations of the world came together to ensure the fundamental rights of every person. These human rights were not subject to the will of the state, but were declared to be inherent in every human being. It was not the state’s prerogative to grant or withdraw the human rights.The fundamental human rights therefore put limitations on what a state may do to a person. The Universal declaration recognizes each person’s right to life. The death penalty is therefore a fragrant violation of human rights. Human rights preserve the dignity of the individual. There can be no justification inhuman and cruel treatment and punishment that degrades the essence of humanity. The death penalty inflicts the most severe kind of mental and physical torture not only on the condemned, but also on al those who are related to the condemned. Every member of the society also has to own responsibility as a constituent unit of the state.In fact, the broader understanding of human rights issue has been the basis of abolition of the death penalty in many countries. In 1995, Spain abolished the death penalty on the grounds that the death penalty simply could not be fitted into the penal system of advanced and civilized societies, that depriving a person of life was too degrading or afflictive a punishment (Hood 14). The South African Constitutional Court (154) in its historic opinion when banning the death penalty commented that the death penalty violated the right to life and dignity which is the most important of all human rights.And by banning the death penalty, the state was effectively demonstrating the fact. Countries such as Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago have had to deny that the death penalty was a violation of human rights in order to carry on with their practic e of the death penalty. However, the fact that the death penalty is a critical human rights issue has gained increasing acceptance at the international level. In 1997, the U. N. High Commission for Human Rights approved a resolution stating that the â€Å"abolition of the death penalty contributes to the enhancement of human dignity and to the progressive development of human rights.† (12) Subsequent resolutions strengthened this resolution by restricting the offences for which the death penalty could be imposed, eventually leading to abolition. The member states of the Council of Europe have established Protocol 6 to the European Council on Human Rights advocating the abolition of the death penalty. On the same grounds, the European Union had made the abolition of the death penalty a precondition for entry into the Union. This had resulted in the halting of executions in many east European countries such as Russia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey which had applied for membership to the Union.Not an eye for an eye Proponents of the death penalty attempt to justify their stand on the principle of lex talionis or ‘eye-for-an-eye’ which advocates that violence must in some measure be answered by violence or that the punishment should fit the crime. They believe that such retribution serves justice to murder victims and their survivors. Robert Blecker of the New York Law School testified: â€Å"Naturally grateful, we reward those who bring us pleasure. Instinctively resentful, we punish those who cause us pain. Retributively, society intentionally inflicts pain and suffering on criminals because and to the extent that they deserve it.But only to the extent they deserve it†¦. Justice, a moral imperative in itself, requires deserved punishment. † Just as the individual do not have the right to kill, society also should not be empowered to kill. The retribution theory would dictate that the rapist be raped and the hou se of the arsonist be set on fire. Such a policy would go against the basic tenets of justice. If violence can be justified by violence than it follows that every act of violence whether perpetuated by the state or the individual would be justifiable on some ground or the other.Retribution in kind would bring the state down to the level of the criminal. There would then be no distinction between the dispenser of the law and the one who violates it. Discriminatory Applications The extent of misuse of the death penalty is another reason that calls for its abolition. In the political context, the death penalty has often been used to eliminate opponents and suppress popular uprisings. Here, the question of fairness in making the judgment becomes a very subjective one.What is punishable by death for one political regime could very well be deemed a heroic act of valor for another. The labeling of the act therefore depends very much on the actors and the circumstances and the environment i n which they operate. That is the reason why people who are executed are often subsequently turned into martyrs. It happened in Hitler’s Germany, in India and in South Africa. It is happening in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Serbia and in many other places wherever two groups of people look at the world with conflicting perspectives. Take the example of Saddam Hussien.Richard Dicker’s, director of Human Rights Watch’s International Justice Program, was a rational voice when he said , â€Å"Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that can’t justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment. † (Human Rights Watch) A November 2006 report by Human Rights Watch pointed out numerous serious flaws in the trial of Saddam Hussein. Among other defects, the report found that Iraqi government actions had all along undermined the Iraqi High Tribunal and threatened its independence and perceived impartiality .Handing Saddam Hussein the death penalty has been viewed by a large section of the world as a measure made necessary by the prevailing political and military situation rather than a quest for justice. There is also a very strong view in the United States that the application of the death sentence is racially discriminatory. Studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between race and death penalty in all the states that where the death penalty is still active.The Capital Punishment Project reports that 96% studies found a pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of-defendant discrimination. Of those executed since 1976, approximately 35% have been black, even though blacks constitute only 12% of the population. It has been found that the odds of receiving a death sentence are almost four times higher if the defendant is black. The Amnesty International has also asserted that races does have an impact on capital punishment, and that the judicial system of the United Stat es have been able to do precious little about it.Amnesty International has attributed this failure of the courts and legislatures of the USA to act decisively at the face of evidence that race has an impact on the death sentence to a collective ‘blind faith’ that America will never waver on the ‘non-negotiable’ demands of human dignity including ‘equal justice. ’ Even if the death penalty was justifiable, there is compelling evidence that its implementation falls far short of the standards of fairness expected. There is a tendency to use this extreme measure as an intimidating factor by the powerful forces of the world to assert themselves and to wrongfully dominate and suppress others.The world is coming around The good news is that the world at large is coming together to prove that the death penalty is an unacceptable proposition. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition. Two-thirds of the countries of the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. In the United States itself, 13 states are now without the death penalty. The latest information from Amnesty International shows that: i. 90 countries and territories have abolished the death penalty for all crimes; ii. 11 countries have abolished the death penalty for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimes;iii. 30 countries can be considered abolitionist in practice: they retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, iv. a total of 131 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, v. 66 other countries and territories retain and use the death penalty, but the number of countries which actually execute prisoners in any one year is much smaller. The debate over capital punishment has raged on long enough. The world is finally showing the door to the death penal ty.In doing so, it is stating in no uncertain terms that the sanctity of life of a fellow human being is above the purview of all man-made laws. That only the giver of life has the right to take it back. Works Cited 1. Amnesty international, â€Å"United States of America, Death by discrimination – the continuing role of race in capital cases†, April 24, 2003. Library, Online Documentation Archive. November 10, 2007 2. Blecker, Robert. Letter to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission supplementing previous testimony, October 24, 2006. 3.Budget Committee, Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature, September 9, 1999. 4. Capital Punishment Project, â€Å"Race and the Death Penalty†, American Civil Liberties Union, November 10, 2007 < http://www. aclu. org/death-penalty > 5. Capital Punishment Project, â€Å"The High Costs of the Death Penalty. † American Civil Liberties Union, 2003. 6. Death Penalty Information Center, â€Å"I nnocence and the Death Penalty†, November 9, 2006. 7. Death Penalty Information Centre. November 5, 2007 â€Å"Facts about the Death Penalty. † November 8, 2007.< http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/FactSheet. pdf > 8. Gettings, John. â€Å"Death Penalty Update, Here & Abroad. † Infoplease, November 8, 2007. 9. Hood, Roger, â€Å"The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective. † 2002. Oxford, Clarendon Press, third edition, 2002. 10. Human Rights Watch, â€Å"Iraq: Saddam Hussein put to Death. Hanging after flawed trial undermines the rule of law. † December 2006. Human Rights News. November 10, 2007 < http://hrw. org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950. htm > 11. John Howard Society of Ontario, â€Å"The Death Penalty: Any Nation’s Shame.† March, 2001, John Howard Society of Ontario publication. November 8, 2007 < www. johnhowardphd. ca/PDFs/Fact%20Sheets/death%20penalty. pdf > 12. Nina, Martin, â€Å"Innocence Lost†, November 2004, San Francisco Magazine, November 9, 2007, < http://www. sanfran. com/archives/view_story/200/ > 13. Philip J. Cook & Donna B. Slawson, â€Å"The Costs of Prosecuting Murder Cases in North Carolina. † 1993 14. The South African Constitutional Court, â€Å"Makwanyane and Mchunu v. The State†, 16 HRLJ, 1995. 15. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights Resolution, E/CN. 4/1997, April 3, 1997.

Organizational Behaviors and Leadership Theories in Nanny McPhee

Organizational Behaviors and Leadership Theories in Nanny McPhee Free Online Research Papers Nanny McPhee is a children’s movie in which the Brown family is totally disorganized. Nanny Mcphee uses her own magic in getting this group organized. In the movie we see interpersonal conflicts and the children using group thinking. I will show how the movie shows attitudes and perceptions, motivation, levels of power and influence. We see how individuals react to stress. Nanny McPhee changes the whole family dynamic with an authoritarian style of leadership. In this paper will explain leadership theories as well as other organizational behaviors. Organizational Behaviors and Leadership Theories in Nanny McPhee I chose to evaluate the movie Nanny McPhee. It is a story of a widowed father with seven children. Typically with several children, one would have one or two that could be labeled problem children, but all seven of Mr. Brown’s children were unruly. Mr. Brown has tried seventeen different nannies as he was trying to find a replacement for the children’s mother. mother. Then there was Nanny McPhee with her five lessons that she would teach the children. I will discuss organizational behaviors and leadership theories that I observed while watching the movie. I will begin in the beginning with the seventeenth nanny running away from the house to find Mr. Brown while screaming that the children have eaten the baby. (Doran Jones, 2006) Group Dynamics The Brown children have banded together to deliberately sabotage the attempts of their father to replace their recently deceased mother with a nanny. (Doran Jones, 2006) They have formed a group. Borkowski (2005) states that groups are defined by meeting four characteristics. The first is that there are four or more people in a social interaction. We first see the Brown children in a playroom pretending to eat their baby sister who is happily laying in a stew pot while one of the brothers gnaws on a turkey leg with a baby’s bootie on it. (Doran Jones, 2006) The second characteristic is a stable structure. The Brown’s are a family unit, they will be together by family ties and they are all together in a somewhat stable but unorganized life. The third characteristic is common interest or goals. The children are working together to make sure that they do not have a nanny. Throughout the movie, the children work together to carry out their misdeeds. The forth cha racteristic is that the individuals have to think of themselves as a group. During the movie, the Brown children act as one unit at times, indicating that they think of themselves as a group. There are some negative aspects of being a group, such as group think. Group think occurs when there is directive leadership within the group; the members have the same social background and ideology, and isolation of the group from outside sources of information and analysis. It occurs more often in a tightly knit group (McCauley). This causes the group to all agree and think one way sometimes resulting in poor judgment and uninformed decisions. Group think involves making decision because the members want to get along rather than to evaluate a situation realistically. The Brown children meet this description with Simon acting as the leader and the other children agreeing with whatever he says. Attitudes and perceptions. Nanny McPhee enters the story in a magical way. Mr. Brown first learns of her from an unknown person speaking to him through a mail slot saying, â€Å"The person you need is Nanny McPhee†. He later sees an add that read, the person you need is Nanny McPhee. But he hasn’t a clue as to how to get in touch with her. (Doran Jones, 2006) That night as the children are exhibiting a bit of Pygmalion effect in the kitchen, Nanny McPhee mysteriously appears at the front door. The Pygmalion effect can be describes as a person’s behaving in a manner that another person expects them too, whether that expectation is accurate or not. In the movie, the cook didn’t want the children anywhere near the kitchen because she knew they were destructive and unbearable. She received a contract that stated the children were not ever to be allowed in the kitchen. She kept the contract on her person and would tell anyone that she has it in writing. Of course the children li ved up to her expectations and invaded her kitchen and were in the middle of destroying it and trying to blow the cook up when Nanny McPhee enters the kitchen. The children used stereotyping when they decided all stepmothers were like the wicked step mothers in the fairy tales. (Doran Jones, 2006) Stereotyping is the perception of traits that one projects to a group of people. The most common stereotyping are based on gender and leadership Leadership Theories Nanny McPhee became the active leader of the Brown household. Paul (2008) described leadership as a process by which a person has a vision or sets an objective and influences others to work toward accomplishing the objective. To me Nanny McPhee exhibited different leadership styles at different times. She exhibited the qualities of a directive leader by telling the children exactly what she expected. She didn’t consult with them. The family knew exactly where she stood on these issues. She also reflected some authoritarian styles that were exposed under the behavioral study of Kurt Lewin. The authoritarian leader remains aloof and directs the group’s activities without consultation. When Nanny McPhee first arrives in the kitchen she gives the children an order. Naturally they ignore her and won’t do anything. She uses her magic and taps the floor with her cane and the children continue what they are doing, only faster. The children all ask her to stop with the exception of Simon. When Simon caves in, just before cooking his baby sister, Nanny McPhee restores the kitchen and erases the adult’s memory of it. (Doran Jones, 2006) Theories of Motivation When Nanny McPhee arrived, after getting Mr. Brown to admit that his children are out of control, she tells him that she will teach the children five lessons. First lesson – To go to bed when told. Second Lesson – to get up when told. Third – To get dressed when told. Fourth – To listen. Fifth – To do as they are told. The children are resistant to anything she says and has to be motivated. She set the goals of lessons learned and as each one was met, she would transform. (Doran Jones, 2006) When utilizing the goal setting theory, you must first set your goal. McPhee’s goal was to get the children to behave and learn the five lessons. The goal should be specific. McPhee met the specificity with the lessons. The goal should also be obtainable. Though hard to imagine, it would be possible for the unruly children to reach the set goals. The second step is to get goal commitment. The children resisted at almost every turn on this one, but ultimately gave in when motivated. One example of motivation is to use the Reinforcement Theory. Nanny McPhee used punishment. When the children pretended to have measles and had to stay in bed instead of getting up when told, Nanny McPhee literally made them stay in bed. They tried everything to get out of bed and couldn’t do it. They were also forced to drink a horrible concoction of broth and medicine. When the children admit that they are wrong, she magically releases them from bed. (Doran Jones, 2006) The children became committed to the goal and the lesson was learned, get out of bed when you are told. The third step in the goal setting theory is providing support elements. In organizations, you would have to make sure that the employees or team members have the adequate resourced to reach their goal (Borkowski, 2005). In the situations in the movie, Nanny would have to know that the children were capable of learning and had the ability to perform the five goals she set. Power and Influence Power was identified in our text, Organizational Behavior in Health Care, by John French and Betram Raven (1959) as being seen as five sources. Reward is the ability to give rewards; Coercive is the ability to punish. Legitimate is the authority given based on a given role, referent, based on attraction or identification and expert which are based on the perception of knowledge in a specific area. Coercive power could be seen in the scene where Mr. Brown sent the children to bed with supper after they had run off the seventeenth nanny. It was also noted to be used by Aunt Adelaide when she threatened to withhold the money if Mr. Brown didn’t get married. (Doran Jones, 2006) Coercive power can punish in two ways; by actual punishment or by withholding something that is wanted or needed. In the first situation, Mr. Brown punished by sending them to bed, and he withheld supper, which is something that the younger son wanted and seem to need because he was always hungry. In the second situation, Mr. Brown needed the money to keep his family together. (Doran Jones, 2006) Stressors Borkowski (2005) stated in her text that certain degrees of stress were necessary for good mental and physical health. In Nanny McPhee, Mr. Brown seems to have more than his share of stress. Change is the only constant thing in life and when you can’t handle the changes, it stresses you out. (Paul, 2008) His level of stress has moved to distress. Distress occurs when you start exhibiting the negative effects of stress. Mr. Brown appears to be getting frantic, he changed the way he uses to interact with his children, and he begins conversing with the corpse that he is working on. Mr. Brown, in fact the whole Brown household is affected by external stressors. External stressors are can include adverse physical conditions such as pain, hot or cold temperatures, threats to personal safety, general economy, everyday hassles, or major life events. (Borkowski, 2005) Stressors can be either acute or chronic. Imagining a threat would be considered an acute stressor. A chronic stressor would be things that go on in everyday life where we must depress the normal â€Å"fight or flight† reaction. (Simon, 2003) Mr. Brown has been through major life events and experiences everyday hassles. Major life events can include death of a loved one, marriage, and financial worries. Everyday hassles can include dealing with children at home. Mr. Brown met all of the above. His wife has died. He had to â€Å"court† a woman that he had no interest in because he felt he was being forced to marry. He was in constant fear that Aunt Adelaide would cut out the money and he would go to debtor’s prison and the children would be separated and placed in work houses. The behavior of the children was a constant source of worry. These are chronic stressors. Then Aunt Adelaide wanted to take one of the children in exchange for her help. This would be an acute stressor and would be devastating to Mr. Brown. He was without a doubt living a stressful lif e. (Doran Jones, 2006) Conflict Conflict occurs when a person feels that they have been affected in a negative way by another person. Interpersonal conflict occurs when two or more people feel that their attitudes, goals, or behaviors are opposite. (Borkowski, 2005) Simon and Mr. Brown were involved in a conflict about hiring nannies. Simon felt that Evangeline, the maid, could take care of them and Mr. Brown felt that she was just a hired hand and not qualified. Simon felt that his father should talk to him and discuss things with him and Mr. Brown felt like he had to protect all the children from worry. This resulted in occasional outburst from Simon. (Doran Jones, 2006) Conclusion Nanny McPhee entered the Brown household as a government nanny. She was determined to teach the children five lessons. She told them, â€Å"When you need me, but don’t want me, then I must stay. When you want me, but no longer need me, then I have to go.† Not only did Nanny McPhee succeed in having the children learn the lessons, the entire movie was filled with example of organizational behavior and theories as well as leadership theories. References Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational Behavior in Health Care. Massachusetts:Jones and Bartlett Paul, D. (2008, February). Essential Skill of Leadership. Leadership essentials program presented in a workshop at Covington County Hospital, Collins, Ms. Doran, L. (Producer), Jones, K. (Director). (2006). Nanny McPhee [Motion Picture]. United States: Universal Studios. French, J., Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In N. Borkowski, Organizational Behavior in Health Care (pp.163-164). Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlet Simon, H. (2003). What is Stress? Retrieved April 5, 2008, from healthandage.com/html/well_connected/pdf/doc31.pdf Research Papers on Organizational Behaviors and Leadership Theories in Nanny McPheeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoResearch Process Part One

Why We Have Factory Farming, and How to End It

Why We Have Factory Farming, and How to End It Factory farming is the intensive confinement of farmed animals raised for food. The technique was invented by scientists in the 1960s who knew that there was no way to continue feeding animal products to an increasing human population without a significant increase in efficiency. But if so many people are concerned about animal welfare and object to factory farming, why do we have factory farming? Scientists, economists, and farmers alike argue that in order to meet the demand for commercially produced meats, either too much land or too much food and fuel would be required to allow all animals used for that purpose the freedoms animal rights activists demand they have. Conversely, these animal rights activists argue the mistreatment and slaughter of animals for human consumption is not only inhumane but morally wrong. Why We Need Factory Farming Allowing cows, pigs, and chickens to roam free requires more land, water, food, labor, and other resources than factory farming. Roaming animals consume more food and water because they are exercising and therefore, in order to produce meat for human consumption, must be nourished accordingly or risk their meat being too tough or fatty. Furthermore, rounding up and transporting roaming animals requires manpower and fuel. Grass-fed animals also require more food because the animals gain weight slower on a grass diet than they do with a manufactured, concentrated feed. There are currently seven billion people on the planet, many of whom eat the animal products produced by factory farming. And while all animal agriculture is inefficient because crops are fed to animals instead of being fed to people directly, the increased inefficiency of allowing animals to roam free is the reason factory farming was invented and popularized. The Opposition to the Meat Industry From a more cynical perspective, factory farming exists because agribusiness cares nothing about the rights and welfare of the animals, and continues to lobby against any attempts to better the animals condition. However, giving the animals more room is not a feasible solution because we are already destroying our environment with animal agriculture. The solution is not to make animal agriculture more inefficient. The answer might be to move away from animal dependency as a culture entirely. From both an environmental perspective and an animal rights perspective, veganism is the only solution to factory farming. Some scientists predict that with modern consumption trends of cattle alone, the global demand will outweigh the supply, causing a shortage of beef and potentially the extinction of that source of animal protein.   Further, environmentalists argue that factory farming, especially of cattle, produces a high concentration  of methane that is released into the atmosphere, speeding global warming. Transport and processing of the meat itself also pollute the environment with dangerous waste byproducts.   Any way you look at it, factory farming is necessary for the continued consumption of animal meat and products - but is that the ethical way to move forward as a planet, and is it sustainable? Science says no, but the current legislature in the U.S. says otherwise. Perhaps it is time, as a nation, the United States move away from commercial farming altogether.

(Manifesto, Any thing do with Hong Kong or Canada, or, any problem do Essay

(Manifesto, Any thing do with Hong Kong or Canada, or, any problem do with canada food industry) - Essay Example Those on the preservation side always suspect those who advocate conservation with ulterior motives and then no matter how careful Man is, accidents do happen with unimaginable and often massive environmental disasters, like the Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska. I am a late environmentalist, meaning I got concerned with environmental issues just only a bit recently. Although there are many environmental issues that should properly be the concern of everyone on this planet, it is best to focus one's attention, energies, and efforts on a single environmental topic for better results. In this regard, I consider animal protection as the better way to express my environmentalism tendencies, because animals have feelings too, in the sense they can feel pain, just like humans or any other living creature, and yet no one has seemed to take up the cudgels in their defense. Animal rights advocates have been sounding a call to prevent unwanted slaughter of seals, the illegal trade in elephant iv ory tusks, the use of tiger parts for aphrodisiacs, mining bile from bears, eating dog meat or any other forms of the most unusual animal cruelty. This paper is a manifesto on the killing of sharks for their fins. Discussion China today is considered as the world's oldest continuously existing civilization. It may not be the oldest or the first civilization to have arisen from human communities, but it is certainly the oldest, as previously older civilizations, like the Egyptian or the Sumerian (Iraq), or the Sanskrit civilization of India, had long ceased to exist, except in history books. China is also ascendant in the world stage today, eager to reclaim what it considers as its rightful place in global affairs, be it economic, military, financial, industrial cultural, or otherwise. As an old civilization in existence for the last five millennia, its language and culture are truly unique, a civilization inspiring awe and admiration, in some quarters. Its cuisine is also the envy o f the world, using exotic ingredients in a meal or banquet fit only for an emperor. Its recipes had in many ways been preserved in writing in ancient texts, describing in detail how to cook up the best foods, ingredients to use, where to find them, how to chop, how to fry, how to steam, etc. China is a vast country, in terms of its population, diversity, and geography. As such, it is not surprising to find many unusual types of food, such as eating the brains of a monkey while it is still alive, literally eating it by placing its head through a hole on the dining table, crack its skull open, and then scoop up the brains. It is thought to be a good aphrodisiac and also as a defense against the cold of the harsh winter. This practice of eating its brains while still alive had since been banned, but people still do eat it at times, even if it is now illegal. Another key characteristic or feature of Chinese cuisine is its exquisite use of exotic ingredients. In another time, when the em perors still ruled China and considered themselves as geographic center of the entire civilized world, there is no ingredient that was too difficult to find or procure, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. It is good luck that pandas have not entered the Chinese menu, otherwise it could have gone extinct. But the more disturbing aspect of Chinese cooking is

Children with Special Educational Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children with Special Educational Needs - Essay Example It was then things started to improve for the mentally and physically disabled children. Instead of calling the mentally and physically challenged children as handicapped, these children were then referred as special educational needs children; a more respectable name. The government of the United Kingdom started to design policies and take initiatives in order to provide equal status to these special needs children. It was undertaken by the department of education to look after the matter of special needs children and build schools accordingly (Gabbitas Educational Consultants, 2012). After the late nineteen fifties, the government of many countries started to make effort to give the physically and mentally challenged people their deserved rights and status in the society. The children with mental and physical disabilities also have the right to study, play, and work and do whatever normal children are allowed to do in the society and at school. These physically and mentally challen ged people also have feelings and are in fact more sensitive and delicate than normal children. These children must be taken under extra care and a very friendly environment so that their self-confidence is not sabotaged and harmed, so that they can grow up to become strong and responsible citizens of the society. It is a general thought that these physically and mentally challenged people are of no use for the society but in fact this is not the case, if these children are brought under proper care and guidance and are given the liberty to do whatever they can do best like any other normal children, there is no doubt that they can also do wonders for the society. Now many countries have government as well as private... This paper approves the government also initiated a campaign to hire new, young, energetic and enthusiastic teachers who are willing to spend time with these special children and make efforts to improve the life and make their life better. A proper hiring process is followed to hire the right person and the government itself carries the process under the supervision of qualified personnel so that the right person is hired and a capable person is hired who can give proper training and education to the special children. This paper makes a conclusion an act was passed by the government that is the duty of the government bodies to identify the children who require special education and then carry out a complete investigation regarding their health, family and psychological background and make conclusions and appoint the right school accordingly. It is also the duty of the government bodies to make sure that the special children are being taught and educate din the proper way and are being helped out with whatever disability they have. The government has made supervising teams whose job is to travel different schools without prior notice and observe the teaching method and curriculum being followed and the way the children are being treated and taken care of. There are numerous other small and large scale initiatives that have been taken by the government in order to make education available for all and give every child equal status and privilege without any discrimination on any grounds.